Work is where people feel the most helpless. The boss has the building, the email, and the last paycheck. The civil justice system still has a playbook. It is shorter, more administrative, and less like a car-crash case than people expect. Unfair is not the same as illegal. A missed charge deadline is.
I was fired
They walked me out. It felt illegal because it was unfair.
Most private jobs in this country are at-will. Unfair is not the same as illegal. A firing becomes a claim when it is because of a protected trait, because you reported something the law protects, or because a contract or a statute says they cannot. Mean is not a statute.
I was not paid
They kept the last checks, the overtime, or the tips.
Wage claims are often the cleanest employment files. Federal overtime and minimum wage (FLSA) sit next to state wage-payment laws. Off-the-clock work, stolen tips, and misclassified 'contractors' are fact questions. They are not at-will questions.
Harassment or a hostile workplace
I cannot go back into that room.
The law does not ban a rude boss. It bans harassment tied to a protected trait (race, sex, religion, disability, age, and the rest of the list) that is severe or pervasive, and it bans a company that knew and did nothing. Save the texts. A single ugly comment is often not the case. A pattern is.
Discriminated against
The promotion, the hours, or the firing lined up with who I am.
Discrimination is treating you worse because of a protected trait, not because your manager liked someone else more. Timing, comparators, and the written reason they gave all matter. You usually have to file a charge with a government agency before you can sue. That charge clock is much shorter than a car-crash clock.
Leave or a disability accommodation
I asked for time or a change. They punished me.
FMLA (size and hours thresholds), pregnancy accommodations, and the ADA reasonable-accommodation process are statutory. Refusing a conversation can be the claim. Firing you the week you asked is a fact a lawyer will want dated.
Physically hurt on the job
I got hurt at work. Is that a lawsuit against my boss?
Usually no. Workers' compensation is the exclusive remedy against your employer for an ordinary on-the-job injury. The third-party case (the other driver, the defective machine) is a different file. Mixing those up is how people miss both clocks.
Florida, New York, and New Jersey first. That is where this lawyer writes. The charge clock is the one that kills files.